地(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)具有無接縫(feng)、整體裝飾性好、表面光潔、易于清潔，以及物理機械性能(neng)(neng)和耐化學品性能(neng)(neng)優良，價格(ge)適中(zhong)，施工(gong)(gong)簡便，維修方便等(deng)諸多特(te)點。另外，地(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)還可(ke)根據特(te)殊需(xu)求，賦予地(di)坪(ping)防(fang)靜(jing)電、防(fang)沖擊(ji)火花、耐高溫、防(fang)滑等(deng)特(te)殊功能(neng)(neng)，相(xiang)比于其它地(di)坪(ping)材料(liao)，更(geng)能(neng)(neng)滿足現代(dai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)生產對地(di)坪(ping)的(de)不同(tong)要求。正是(shi)基于這些(xie)特(te)點，現代(dai)建(jian)筑，特(te)別是(shi)現代(dai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)車(che)間，如食(shi)品加工(gong)(gong)、制藥、機械電子(zi)、儀(yi)(yi)器儀(yi)(yi)表、化工(gong)(gong)、航(hang)空(kong)、汽車(che)等(deng)行業(ye)，大(da)量(liang)使用地(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)。

1地坪涂(tu)料現狀

我國的(de)(de)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)產業始于20世紀90年代初期，隨(sui)著我國經濟的(de)(de)快速發(fa)展，尤其(qi)是現代醫藥、電子、食品等行業的(de)(de)高速增長(chang)，帶(dai)動了地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)市場需求量(liang)。地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)已成為我國近年來涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)行業中繼建(jian)筑(zhu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)、交(jiao)通車(che)輛涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)、家具木器(qi)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)以及海洋(yang)防腐涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)后，發(fa)展最快的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)品種之一。

地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)主要有(you)(you)兩大類：環(huan)氧(yang)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)和(he)聚氨(an)酯(zhi)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)［1］。環(huan)氧(yang)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)具(ju)有(you)(you)硬(ying)度(du)(du)高(gao)、抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)(du)高(gao)、耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)好、耐化(hua)(hua)學品性(xing)(xing)優良(liang)等優點(dian)，但質(zhi)脆、易裂(lie)，耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)差，通常應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)紫外線(xian)(xian)較(jiao)弱的(de)室內場(chang)所或作底漆使用(yong)，由于(yu)使用(yong)成本(ben)相(xiang)對便(bian)宜，得到(dao)了廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)，約(yue)占整個地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)市場(chang)的(de)70%。聚氨(an)酯(zhi)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)盡管在硬(ying)度(du)(du)和(he)強(qiang)度(du)(du)方面稍(shao)遜于(yu)環(huan)氧(yang)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)，但其各(ge)項性(xing)(xing)能具(ju)有(you)(you)廣(guang)泛的(de)可(ke)調節性(xing)(xing)，具(ju)有(you)(you)更好的(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)、耐沖擊(ji)性(xing)(xing)、耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)、耐有(you)(you)機酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)、良(liang)好的(de)抗紫外線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)及耐化(hua)(hua)學腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)等，行(xing)人行(xing)走時(shi)腳(jiao)感(gan)舒(shu)適，緩解疲勞，并(bing)可(ke)隔音(yin)減(jian)噪，而且具(ju)有(you)(you)優異的(de)戶外耐候(hou)性(xing)(xing)，比環(huan)氧(yang)地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)范圍更廣(guang)。由于(yu)其使用(yong)成本(ben)較(jiao)高(gao)，用(yong)量約(yue)占整個地(di)坪涂料(liao)(liao)市場(chang)的(de)25%。

隨(sui)著全(quan)民(min)健身理念日益深入民(min)心，大(da)到每個(ge)(ge)城市，小到每個(ge)(ge)社區或單位(wei)，都將會(hui)建造更多類別(bie)的(de)(de)體育(yu)場館和場地，為(wei)健身和比賽提供(gong)便(bian)利，這(zhe)些場地無論(lun)是耐候性的(de)(de)需要(yao)，還是人體舒(shu)適(shi)度的(de)(de)需要(yao)，聚(ju)(ju)氨酯地坪(ping)涂料都是地坪(ping)涂裝面層的(de)(de)理想(xiang)選擇，相信(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯地坪(ping)涂料的(de)(de)使用(yong)比例(li)會(hui)不斷提高。

目前我國地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)80%以上為溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)型涂料(liao)，其余的(de)(de)(de)主要為無溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)環氧(yang)涂料(liao)和聚脲噴涂體(ti)，水(shui)性(xing)地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)所占比例(li)很小(xiao)。溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)型地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)中(zhong)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)，這些有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)在(zai)涂料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)生產和施工(gong)(gong)期間排入大(da)氣，污染環境，同(tong)時危害人類健(jian)康；此外溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)型聚氨酯(zhi)地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)中(zhong)還含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)游離的(de)(de)(de)異氰酸酯(zhi)單體(ti)，在(zai)施工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)，會(hui)嚴重影響人體(ti)健(jian)康和生活(huo)環境。而(er)無溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)環氧(yang)地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)中(zhong)含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)稀釋劑(ji)(ji)，常用的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)稀釋劑(ji)(ji)為丁基(ji)(ji)(ji)環氧(yang)丙基(ji)(ji)(ji)醚（有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一定毒性(xing)），成本較高(gao)且仍含有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一定量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)揮發(fa)性(xing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)。溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)型地坪(ping)(ping)(ping)涂料(liao)在(zai)實際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)還存(cun)在(zai)許多(duo)難以克服的(de)(de)(de)弊(bi)病，如起(qi)泡、鼓泡、脫(tuo)落、附著不良(liang)等，會(hui)受到環境溫濕度、基(ji)(ji)(ji)層濕度，以及基(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)其它問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)影響，特別是(shi)對基(ji)(ji)(ji)材的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)燥程度要求(qiu)很高(gao)，而(er)實際(ji)施工(gong)(gong)時很難滿足要求(qiu)。

水性地坪涂(tu)料(liao)對基(ji)材的(de)干燥(zao)程度要(yao)求低(di)，施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)可(ke)用水直(zhi)接清洗，涂(tu)料(liao)的(de)配制和施工(gong)(gong)操(cao)作安全方便，而且涂(tu)料(liao)不(bu)燃、不(bu)爆、安全，貯存和運(yun)輸方便，避免了(le)溶劑(ji)型涂(tu)料(liao)因(yin)儲存運(yun)輸和使用不(bu)當而引起(qi)的(de)爆炸和火災事(shi)故。近幾年，隨著國(guo)際原(yuan)油(you)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)飛(fei)速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)和居(ju)高不(bu)下，有機溶劑(ji)等基(ji)本化(hua)工(gong)(gong)原(yuan)料(liao)的(de)價(jia)格(ge)普遍上(shang)揚，我(wo)國(guo)是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)石油(you)資源(yuan)緊(jin)張的(de)國(guo)家，同時又是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)石油(you)消費(fei)大國(guo)，節省資源(yuan)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國(guo)今后一項(xiang)長(chang)期(qi)而又緊(jin)迫的(de)戰略(lve)任務。地坪涂(tu)料(liao)的(de)水性化(hua)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)必然趨勢。

 下面就環氧地坪涂料(liao)和雙組(zu)分聚氨酯地坪涂料(liao)的水性化技術(shu)進展作一些介紹(shao)。

2環氧地坪涂料的(de)水性化

 目前(qian)，環(huan)氧地坪涂料(liao)水(shui)性化(hua)(hua)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)主要有(you)2種：一是(shi)將環(huan)氧樹脂水(shui)性化(hua)(hua)，然后與水(shui)可(ke)分散的(de)環(huan)氧固化(hua)(hua)劑配合(he)使(shi)用；二是(shi)低相對分子質量(liang)的(de)液態環(huan)氧同具有(you)乳化(hua)(hua)作用的(de)環(huan)氧固化(hua)(hua)劑配合(he)使(shi)用［2］。

2.1環(huan)氧(yang)樹脂的水性(xing)化(hua)技術

環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)主(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)鹽法和乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法兩(liang)(liang)大類(lei)［3］。成(cheng)(cheng)鹽法是(shi)(shi)(shi)將環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)富含酸(suan)或(huo)富含堿的(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，再(zai)用堿或(huo)酸(suan)進行中(zhong)和。成(cheng)(cheng)鹽技(ji)術(shu)又可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)醚化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)型、酯(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)型和接枝(zhi)(zhi)反應型3類(lei)。其(qi)中(zhong)前兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)方法均(jun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)打開環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)引入極性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基(ji)團(tuan)，接枝(zhi)(zhi)反應型［4-5］是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)自由基(ji)引發丙烯酸(suan)接枝(zhi)(zhi)共(gong)聚，將親水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)基(ji)團(tuan)引入環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。成(cheng)(cheng)鹽技(ji)術(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)分(fen)(fen)散(san)相(xiang)粒(li)徑達到納米級，貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)良好，但體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)對(dui)pH的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)適應性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)，涂(tu)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也不理想。乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法制(zhi)(zhi)備水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)有2種(zhong)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)加乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑法，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)強制(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)相(xiang)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)［6］，外(wai)加乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑強制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)(fen)散(san)相(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微粒(li)尺寸較(jiao)(jiao)大，約50μm，乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)極差(cha)，并且乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能也不好。轉相(xiang)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)法［7-8］是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)將乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑和環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)混合(he)均(jun)勻，隨后(hou)在一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)剪切條件(jian)下緩慢地向體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)加入蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，隨著(zhu)加水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加，整個體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)逐步由油包(bao)(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)型向水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)包(bao)(bao)油型轉變，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可稀釋(shi)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。但該體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及機械穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)均(jun)比成(cheng)(cheng)鹽法制(zhi)(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)。目前研(yan)究較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)活(huo)躍的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)第2種(zhong)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)技(ji)術(shu)，即環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)自乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)［9-10］，在環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)子鏈中(zhong)引入親水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)乙烯鏈段，同時保證(zheng)每個改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)子上含有2個環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)基(ji)，不用外(wai)加乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑即可自乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)散(san)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，其(qi)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)散(san)相(xiang)粒(li)徑較(jiao)(jiao)小，貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)高，體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)對(dui)pH不敏感，并且乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑在成(cheng)(cheng)膜(mo)時參與了固化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反應，因此涂(tu)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)度、附著(zhu)力也有很大提高，目前市售的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氧(yang)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)液(ye)(ye)(ye)多為(wei)(wei)此類(lei)。

2.2水(shui)(shui)性環氧地(di)坪涂(tu)料固化劑的水(shui)(shui)性化

水(shui)性(xing)(xing)環氧(yang)固化(hua)劑是決定(ding)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)環氧(yang)地(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)料(liao)最終(zhong)性(xing)(xing)能的關(guan)鍵(jian)因(yin)素之一。它應能較(jiao)好地(di)溶解或(huo)分散在(zai)(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)，而且在(zai)(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)能夠(gou)穩定(ding)存在(zai)(zai)，與(yu)環氧(yang)樹(shu)脂具有良好的相(xiang)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)。該(gai)固化(hua)劑可直接乳(ru)化(hua)環氧(yang)樹(shu)脂或(huo)與(yu)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)環氧(yang)乳(ru)液配成(cheng)穩定(ding)的水(shui)性(xing)(xing)環氧(yang)體系(xi)，同時體系(xi)的流變(bian)性(xing)(xing)、適(shi)用期、固化(hua)條件和涂(tu)膜性(xing)(xing)能也應滿足水(shui)性(xing)(xing)環氧(yang)地(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)料(liao)的使用要求。

到目前為止，水(shui)(shui)性(xing)環氧地(di)(di)坪涂料(liao)用(yong)固(gu)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)經歷了3代的(de)(de)發(fa)展［11］。第1代水(shui)(shui)性(xing)環氧地(di)(di)坪涂料(liao)用(yong)固(gu)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)采用(yong)溶劑(ji)(ji)型(xing)環氧固(gu)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)聚酰胺與醋酸(suan)、磷酸(suan)或(huo)鹽酸(suan)反應制得銨鹽，再在醇醚類溶劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輔助(zhu)下溶于水(shui)(shui)而制得。該方法僅改善了固(gu)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)在水(shui)(shui)中的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)和(he)親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)，其(qi)涂膜性(xing)能(neng)和(he)固(gu)化(hua)性(xing)能(neng)仍未(wei)得到改進，存(cun)在著水(shui)(shui)稀(xi)釋降黏速度緩慢(man)、固(gu)化(hua)速率(lv)慢(man)、光澤低、硬度低等缺點。

在20世紀80年代后期和90年代初(chu)，開(kai)發(fa)了以(yi)環脂(zhi)胺(an)環氧(yang)加成物為基礎的(de)第2代水(shui)性環氧(yang)固(gu)化劑(ji)。采用環氧(yang)樹(shu)脂(zhi)作為擴鏈劑(ji)可(ke)以(yi)提高(gao)固(gu)化劑(ji)與(yu)環氧(yang)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)相容(rong)性，這(zhe)種涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)體系即(ji)使在低(di)溫(wen)和高(gao)濕環境下也能(neng)(neng)較快(kuai)地(di)固(gu)化。這(zhe)種水(shui)性環氧(yang)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)缺點是不能(neng)(neng)厚(hou)涂(tu)(tu)，當一(yi)次涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)厚(hou)度超過500μm時(shi)，涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)在干燥過程中容(rong)易開(kai)裂。

最新(xin)開發的(de)(de)(de)第3代(dai)水性環氧(yang)地坪(ping)涂(tu)料(liao)固(gu)(gu)化劑(ji)是(shi)以特(te)高(gao)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)分子質量的(de)(de)(de)脂肪胺環氧(yang)加成物為(wei)基礎分散(san)在水中的(de)(de)(de)乳液，具有(you)高(gao)胺官(guan)能度、相(xiang)(xiang)容性好等特(te)點。混合后乳液穩(wen)定(ding)，固(gu)(gu)化速度快，水稀(xi)釋對(dui)降低體系黏度優于第1、2代(dai)體系，具有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)施工固(gu)(gu)體分。當涂(tu)膜厚度大于1 mm時，仍能很(hen)好干燥，不會(hui)出現開裂現象(xiang)。一次可(ke)涂(tu)覆數毫(hao)米厚的(de)(de)(de)地坪(ping)涂(tu)膜，克服(fu)了普通室(shi)溫固(gu)(gu)化水性環氧(yang)地坪(ping)涂(tu)料(liao)不能一次性厚涂(tu)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)市場應用(yong)前景。

3雙(shuang)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地坪涂(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)(hua)產物是(shi)單(dan)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)具有較高的(de)(de)(de)斷裂伸(shen)長率和(he)適當的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度(du)(du)，并能常溫物理干燥，但是(shi)由于較低的(de)(de)(de)相對分(fen)(fen)子質量和(he)低交聯度(du)(du)，與溶劑(ji)(ji)型雙(shuang)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涂(tu)(tu)料相比，單(dan)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地坪涂(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)化(hua)(hua)學品性(xing)(xing)和(he)耐(nai)(nai)溶劑(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)不良，硬度(du)(du)、表面光澤度(du)(du)和(he)鮮艷性(xing)(xing)都較低，目(mu)前僅(jin)應用于建筑涂(tu)(tu)料領域及其(qi)它(ta)一些使用要求不高的(de)(de)(de)場合(he)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)雙(shuang)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地坪涂(tu)(tu)料是(shi)由含(han)羥基(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)多(duo)元醇組(zu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)多(duo)異氰酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)組(zu)成(cheng)，它(ta)將(jiang)雙(shuang)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涂(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)(de)高性(xing)(xing)能和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)(de)低VOC相結合(he)，是(shi)當前地坪涂(tu)(tu)料的(de)(de)(de)研究熱點和(he)發展方向(xiang)。

3.1羥(qian)基組(zu)分的(de)水性化(hua)

根(gen)據水性(xing)雙組分(fen)聚氨酯地坪(ping)涂料(liao)中使用的(de)含羥基(ji)組分(fen)在(zai)水中的(de)粒子大小(xiao)和制備方法的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，可將其分(fen)為乳液型丙烯酸(suan)多(duo)元醇和水分(fen)散體(ti)型多(duo)元醇，它們各(ge)具不(bu)同(tong)的(de)特點。

3.1.1乳液型丙烯酸多元醇

 乳(ru)液型多元醇是(shi)通過(guo)乳(ru)液聚合而成(cheng)的(de)具有多種結構的(de)丙烯酸乳(ru)液多元醇，其主要特點(dian)為［12］：聚合物的(de)相對(dui)分子質量大，羥基當(dang)量大，配(pei)制(zhi)雙組分涂(tu)料(liao)所(suo)需的(de)異(yi)(yi)氰(qing)酸酯(zhi)固(gu)化劑少，成(cheng)本低。乳(ru)液對(dui)異(yi)(yi)氰(qing)酸酯(zhi)的(de)潤濕(shi)分散性(xing)差，必須使(shi)用親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)強的(de)水(shui)性(xing)異(yi)(yi)氰(qing)酸酯(zhi)固(gu)化劑，即(ji)使(shi)這樣，得到高光涂(tu)膜(mo)仍很(hen)困難，而且涂(tu)膜(mo)在室溫(wen)下干(gan)燥速度快，在化學交聯(lian)前(qian)已物理(li)(li)干(gan)燥成(cheng)膜(mo)，因而涂(tu)膜(mo)的(de)物理(li)(li)機械性(xing)能和(he)耐(nai)化學品(pin)性(xing)不佳［13-14］。

3.1.2分散體型多(duo)元醇

分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)也稱第2代水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)羥(qian)(qian)基樹脂。分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)型多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)按化學(xue)(xue)(xue)結構可分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)聚(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、丙烯酸多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)等。聚(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是由(you)過量(liang)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)、多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)酸經酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化反應(ying)、中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)后分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)得的(de)(de)［15］。聚(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)備的(de)(de)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)流動性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)的(de)(de)光(guang)澤較高，但聚(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鍵易水(shui)(shui)(shui)解，導(dao)致(zhi)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)貯(zhu)存穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差，這種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)用較少。聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)備方(fang)法與單組分(fen)(fen)(fen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)備相似［16-17］，采用含羥(qian)(qian)基鏈(lian)終止進行擴鏈(lian)，配制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雙組分(fen)(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)具(ju)有(you)優異(yi)的(de)(de)機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，如柔(rou)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，以及優異(yi)的(de)(de)耐(nai)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)品性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，但其使(shi)用成本較高，在實(shi)際中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用較少。丙烯酸多(duo)(duo)元(yuan)醇(chun)(chun)(chun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是由(you)含羥(qian)(qian)基丙烯酸單體(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)丙烯酸（酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)）單體(ti)(ti)(ti)在溶劑(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)過自(zi)由(you)基聚(ju)(ju)合(he)，中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)得的(de)(de)，有(you)時需(xu)要(yao)脫除部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)或全部(bu)溶劑(ji)(ji)。該類分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)相對(dui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子質量(liang)較低，羥(qian)(qian)基官能團含量(liang)較高，與水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰酸酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固化劑(ji)(ji)配合(he)制(zhi)(zhi)成地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)后，具(ju)有(you)較好(hao)的(de)(de)流平性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，干燥速度慢，涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)干燥后具(ju)有(you)較好(hao)的(de)(de)豐滿度和(he)(he)光(guang)澤，同時具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)物理機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能和(he)(he)耐(nai)化學(xue)(xue)(xue)品性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，基本達到(dao)溶劑(ji)(ji)型聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，這種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)散(san)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是目前水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雙組分(fen)(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)研究(jiu)和(he)(he)開(kai)發的(de)(de)熱點。

3.2水性異氰酸酯固化劑(ji)

未改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雙組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)受到(dao)限制(zhi)，因為它們很難與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)羥基(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)混(hun)合(he)均(jun)勻(yun)，兩相間容易分(fen)(fen)離(li)(li)。要想使異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)羥基(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)均(jun)勻(yun)混(hun)合(he)，根本途徑(jing)是將(jiang)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)。早期(qi)使用(yong)陽離(li)(li)子型或非離(li)(li)子型外(wai)(wai)部乳(ru)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)強制(zhi)乳(ru)化(hua)使異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)散在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)［18］，其(qi)乳(ru)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)用(yong)量大，分(fen)(fen)散后粒子較粗、貯存穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差(cha)、涂(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)耐化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差(cha)。為了克(ke)服外(wai)(wai)乳(ru)化(hua)法的(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，近(jin)年來采用(yong)親水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)對(dui)(dui)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進行改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，使其(qi)能(neng)達到(dao)自乳(ru)化(hua)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，以德國Bayer公司(si)對(dui)(dui)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化(hua)的(de)(de)研究最為成功(gong)。到(dao)目前為止，已(yi)成功(gong)將(jiang)第(di)3代(dai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)(gu)化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)市場化(hua)［19］。第(di)1代(dai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通過(guo)(guo)用(yong)不足(zu)量聚(ju)(ju)醚醇對(dui)(dui)如(ru)HDI或IPDI三聚(ju)(ju)體(ti)進行部分(fen)(fen)氨基(ji)(ji)(ji)甲酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)，這樣，親水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)（如(ru)Bayhydur 3100）易于(yu)手動(dong)乳(ru)化(hua)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，但是這種(zhong)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)卻(que)導(dao)致(zhi)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平均(jun)官能(neng)度(du)降(jiang)低(di)，因而(er)所(suo)得的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)交聯密(mi)度(du)低(di)，降(jiang)低(di)了其(qi)耐化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。第(di)2代(dai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在第(di)1代(dai)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上，通過(guo)(guo)脲基(ji)(ji)(ji)甲酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)，提高產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)官能(neng)度(du)，產(chan)品(pin)更疏水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，制(zhi)備的(de)(de)涂(tu)(tu)膜(mo)綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)優良，其(qi)代(dai)表產(chan)品(pin)是Bayhydur305。第(di)3代(dai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，采用(yong)氨基(ji)(ji)(ji)磺酸(suan)鹽(yan)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異(yi)氰(qing)(qing)酸(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即使體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有較少的(de)(de)磺酸(suan)鹽(yan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)時，也可在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很好地(di)分(fen)(fen)散，產(chan)品(pin)具有較低(di)的(de)(de)親水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，其(qi)代(dai)表產(chan)品(pin)有BayhydurXP2547、Bayhydur XP2655，可廣泛用(yong)于(yu)環境友好型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)雙組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)干燥、固(gu)(gu)化(hua)和(he)耐化(hua)學(xue)品(pin)等(deng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，完(wan)全可比擬溶劑(ji)(ji)型雙組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)坪涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)。

德(de)國Bayer公司(si)成功采(cai)用(yong)(yong)丙烯酸(suan)多元(yuan)醇分(fen)散(san)體(ti)和(he)新研制的(de)第3代水(shui)性(xing)異氰酸(suan)酯固化(hua)劑配(pei)成水(shui)性(xing)雙組分(fen)聚(ju)氨酯地坪涂(tu)(tu)料，對奧運會場館——國家(jia)游泳中(zhong)心的(de)泡(pao)泡(pao)吧地坪進行(xing)了涂(tu)(tu)裝，涂(tu)(tu)裝和(he)使用(yong)(yong)效果受(shou)到大家(jia)的(de)認可，整(zheng)個體(ti)系近于零VOC，其環保性(xing)更(geng)是完全貼合“綠(lv)色奧運”之理念［20］。

4結語

隨(sui)著人(ren)們(men)對(dui)健康和(he)環保的(de)(de)關(guan)注，以及(ji)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)科學技術的(de)(de)進步(bu)，地(di)(di)(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)得到了快速(su)發(fa)展，在許多(duo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)方面(mian)(mian)已接近或達(da)到溶(rong)劑(ji)型地(di)(di)(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平，但是水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)作(zuo)為水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)還是存在明顯的(de)(de)不(bu)足，如對(dui)施工(gong)過程及(ji)基(ji)材(cai)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)清潔度要求(qiu)高(gao)，因水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)大，污(wu)物易(yi)使涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)膜產生縮孔，形(xing)成表(biao)面(mian)(mian)缺陷(xian)。特別對(dui)面(mian)(mian)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)而言，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)缺陷(xian)是致命的(de)(de)硬(ying)傷。水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)適宜在冬季或低(di)溫環境施工(gong)，如空氣(qi)濕(shi)度大，特別是低(di)溫高(gao)濕(shi)時，更不(bu)宜施工(gong)；固化(hua)后(hou)交聯密度比溶(rong)劑(ji)型涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)低(di)，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層結構(gou)疏松(song)；涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)光澤、豐滿度與(yu)溶(rong)劑(ji)型地(di)(di)(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)仍(reng)有一(yi)定的(de)(de)差距。如何(he)進一(yi)步(bu)提高(gao)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)坪(ping)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，仍(reng)是我們(men)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)工(gong)作(zuo)者今(jin)后(hou)努力(li)(li)的(de)(de)方向。